Information Systems and Law Enforcement free essay sample

In the course of the most recent decade, PC and broadcast communications advances have created at a remarkable rate. Expanded PC influence, progresses In information transmission and appealing and easy to use realistic interfaces present law implementation offices with extraordinary ability to gather, store, investigate and share information with partners inside and outside of government(Richter, 2001). At last, data innovation speaks to an apparatus to help law requirement accomplish it widened and progressively complex mission.This remains constant for the past and what's to come. Verifiably, the Innovation of Information frameworks has filled in as the impetus for emotional changes In the association of police work and has introduced OTOH openings and difficulties to police and other criminal equity specialists, agreeing adjoining Chain (Richter, 2001). Taking note of that data is the stock-in exchange of policing. In 1967, under the FBI executive J. Edgar Hoover the National Crime Information Center (NIACIN) database was created.The NIACIN is the United States focal database for following wrongdoing related Information. We will compose a custom article test on Data Systems and Law Enforcement or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page While most Information Is kept up and put away on FBI Infrastructure, not all Information In the NIACIN Is put away on FBI servers. Data, for example, in-state criminal accounts, drivers permit, icicle enlistment and in-state warrants are kept up on the state level. Since the NIACIN is an interwoven framework, most data kept up on the state level is accessible to any approved agency.Recently, the Electronic Privacy Information Center has raised worries over the legitimacy of data in the NIACIN database. An expansive alliance of associations over the United States has supported a letter encouraging the restoration of precision necessities for the Bis National Crime Information Center (NIACIN), the countries biggest criminal equity database. In excess of 3,000 people from 47 states and the District of Columbia have marked an online appeal to the Office of Management and Budget (MOB) additionally supporting the Privacy Act exactness requirements(Wisped. Erg) The Chicago Police Department (CAP) has been at the front line of the Information innovation race in law authorization. In the course of the most recent decade the CAP has Introduced various Information frameworks policing process. One of the frameworks that is having any kind of effect for the CAP is the CLEAR framework. The Citizen and Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting (CLEAR) yester was created to bridle data to all the more viably deal with the office, reinforce network organizations and offer information with other crimin al equity frameworks. CLEAR was made to oversee data stream. Under CLEAR, the CAP has built up a Records Management System that utilizes nine operational frameworks which incorporate ; Fingerprints Mug shots Criminal History record repayment Internal investigations External protests Has CLEAR had any kind of effect? As per CAP CLEAR has disposed of excess information section and aided in creating the executives reports. (5) Because there is just en data framework, all partners should learn just a single framework. Because of this framework, as it is altered is said to permit police work force more opportunity to understand crime(Richter, P. 3).There is only the future for data frameworks and data innovation concerning law authorization. On Novo 16 2006 the Dallas City Council gave last endorsement for Dallas divisions of police, fire and flying to be the main supporters of COCO Communications Service. The administration permits the offices to approach this encoded organize permitting them to impart ice, video and information effectively with o ne another utilizing their current radios and networks(Government Technology) coco Communications programming convention rides on existing system frameworks. The convention dispenses with correspondence breakdowns made by frameworks that utilization varying frequencies or working frameworks. The administration coordinates with remote bearers, stretching out access to the administration and permits radios, PCs, mobile phones and Pads to impart over the network(Government Technology). The outcome will be that clients will have the option to speak with their associates just as other government, state and neighborhood offices on he system to share basic data during crisis circumstances or for ordinary everyday activities.Creative uses and advancement of new data innovation and frameworks can possibly build the limit and adequacy of law authorization in satisfying its unpredictable crucial today. This remembers the expanded requests for the post 911 world. Executing such frameworks faces a large group of difficulties. Acknowledgment by neighborhood, state and central governments are consistently a frustrate. Protection and security concerns consistently produce contention. Be that as it may, the main halogen of executing new frameworks and innovation is the means by which to pay for them.

The Development of Concept through the National Curriculum Free Essays

string(113) Forces and Gestures are again instructed in any case perception is extended in the workforce Forces and Movement. The National Curriculum was brought into the English instructive framework after the Education Reform Act in 1988. The build of child mental science was tended to and, all things considered, impacted by crafted by Jean Piaget. Piaget was the forerunner of the ‘constructivist hypothesis of cognizing ‘ and set frontward the main deliberate hypothesis of Cognitive Development. We will compose a custom article test on The Development of Concept through the National Curriculum or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now His hypothesis regions there are four consecutive periods of intellectual improvement that are accomplished at various ages all through a child ‘s life. Likewise with all prominent hypotheses, non all specialists concurred. Lev Vygotsky thought the social foundation of children majorly affected psychological turn of events, ‘Any map in the child ‘s social improvement shows up twice, or on two planes. To begin with, it shows up on the cultural plane, etc the mental plane. ‘ ( ? ? , 1981, pg 163 ) . The main contrast among Piaget and Vygotsky ‘s hypotheses is Vygotsky accepted regardless of whether a child did non have the essential achievements or cognizance to complete an endeavor, on the off chance that they were encircled by individual who did, they were probably going to win when directed in the correct manner. While Piaget expressed a child ‘s subjective advancement is constrained by what they are in influence ‘ready ‘ to larn. By u tilizing Piaget ‘s hypothesis to the National Curriculum a more ‘child-focused ‘ assault can be drilled inside the School System. Piaget one time said ‘Education, for the vast majority, implies looking to take the child to take after the common adult of his society†¦ . be that as it may, for me and no 1 else, guidance organizations doing Godheads†¦ . you need to do pioneers, pioneers and non traditionalists ‘ ( Bringuier, 1980, pg 132 ) . Powers and Motion compose a significant whole of Physicss at all Key Stages in the National Curriculum. Powers have a cardinal capacity in how the Earth is situated and how items are hung on the Earth. It is basic children are instructed where and how Forces and Motion influence us and how they decide twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. Jean Piaget distributed the principal legitimate hypothesis of subjective advancement which when put in an instructive setting can be utilized to better the instructive framework for all students. Piaget concentrated on how children learn, adjust to a domain and any modifications that may occur. He figured children must hold immutable associations with the outside universe. Piaget other than examined the hypothesis of good guidance and accepted children make moral conclusions by identifying people around them, ‘the kid is individual who builds his ain good universe position, who structures considerations about right and erroneous, and just and unreasonable, that are non the immediate product of adult guidance and that are habitually kept up notwithstanding adult needs to the opposite ‘ ( Gallagher, 1978, pgA 26 ) . He thought guidance and the way kids are educated can hold a significant outcome on advancement. Piaget ‘s hypothesis areas there are four boss nations of Cognitive Development. The first, Sensori-engine, happens among birth and the age of two. Youngster learn through their faculties and activities, by and by are vain. The grounds Piaget accumulated indicated kids in this stage cooperate with their condition by pull stringsing objects, this is known as insight in real life ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 411 ) . Towards the terminal of the sensori-engine stage kids start to create object permanency. The second of Piaget ‘s stages, pre-operational, is part into two sub-segments, Preconceptual ( matured two and four ) , and Intuitive ( matured four and seven ) . A main component of this stage is unlogical idea and centration. During this period it is non conceivable to change a child ‘s notion on something they accept to be valid. For outline if two spectacless with equivalent wholes of H2O are appeared to a child, so one is moved into a bigger glass, a child would area it contains less H2O than the other, despite the fact that they to the full watched the system ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 413 ) . The third stage happens between matured seven until around 12 and is known as Concrete Operational. Now intelligent idea creates leting thoughts to be composed lucidly. Anyway kids are as yet unfit to accept dynamically and coherent idea is bound to existent articles and themes that can be seen. Kids can focus on more than one factor, for delineation when requested to pick comparative items, the second article picked will be like the first in quite a while and the third picked will be like the second in shading material ( Michael W. Eysenck, 2000, Pg 411 ) . The thought methodology behind the use of trials is comprehended as they fathom be aftering, moving out, appearing and thinking the outcomes. The fourth stage is Formal Operational which happens from matured 12 upwards, where children can grok unique considerations leting themes, for example, Space and Gravity to be investigated. Before this children can non increase elusive musings and develops. An of import measure in formal operational is when children run over a situation they do non comprehend, they can adjust the way they think so as to get it. For delineation plan a speculation and complete a precise preliminary to deliver outcomes to back up an answer. At Key Stage 1, kids are matured somewhere in the range of five and seven and are at the Intuitive stage in Piaget ‘s Theory. Powers and Motion are acquainted with the children in the main twelvemonth of Key Stage 1 using the staff Pushes A ; Pulls. During this, children can envision to larn things, for example, how articles move and the various sorts of movement. Kids might be approached to go in various manners thus solicited to talk which parts from their natural structures move. Language abilities progress in the instinctive stage in any case Piaget areas this is an impact of essential intellectual progresss. Evaluations are kept in accordance with Piaget ‘s hypothesis and can incorporate naming articles fitting to their movement for delineation push or pull. During twelvemonth two of Key Stage 1, Forces and Gestures are again encouraged by and by insight is extended in the staff Forces and Movement. You read The Development of Concept through the National Curriculum in class Paper models The points secured fortify perception prior educated so as to create understudy ‘s cognizance. Language and jargon is reached out by introducing words, for example, turn, pressing, stretch and draw out. Investigational aptitudes start to create as children are instructed how to propose a request and foresee what will go on. The ‘fair preliminary ‘ build is other than empowered and extended. These are cardinal achievements that are created at a ulterior stage. Understudies proceed onward to Key Stage 2 at seven years old and go on until matured eleven. Orchestrating to Piaget ‘s they are Concrete Operational, the third stage, aiming intelligent consistent reasoning can be applied to existent items. Powers and Motion are educated in Year 4 ( matured eight ) in the workforce Friction. Explicit subjects are re-topped so as to merge old realities. Kids are urged to use new hardware, for example, a forcemeter to deliberately mensurate a power. New jargon and considerations are other than presented at this stage, for representation ‘newton ‘ as the unit of power. Investigational achievements are advanced by securing understudies to be after an examination and finish it. The staff Forces in real life is instructed in Year 6 ( age ten ) and incorporates attraction and weight. The balance of all subjects secured have been aforesaid instructed, this shows the coherence of the subject all through the two Key Stages. This permits the children to coherently recall this data and extend it. As the children are still in the Concrete Operational stage they can utilize coherent idea by and by only to existent articles. It is of import powers are utilized to elucidate marvels in unremarkable life to demo the significance and effect they have. Towards the terminal of this unit the build of Gravity is presented, all things considered fitting to Piaget kids at this stage can non grok conceptual hypotheses. During Key Stage 3 children are on the limit line of the closing stage, Formal Operational. During which people can accept legitimately and judiciously about potential occasions and dynamic develops. In Year 7 the understudies are instructed the personnel Forces and their Effectss. Kids are progressed by being shown the contrast among mass and weight and how to relate powers in real life to adjustments in signal. This gives an immediate nexus back to resources Forces A ; Movement and Friction in Key Stage 1 and 2. At this stage the understudy ‘s realize why it is essential to repeat measurings and analyses to turn out duplicability and reliability of outcomes. They are acquainted with the develop of various factors inside a trial and the significance of instructing these. During the closing twelvemonth of Key Stage 3, Year 9 ( age 13 ) Forces and Motions is canvassed in three separate resources. The main, Gravity and Space presents the develop of dynamic accepting about items and powers. This connections back to the staff Forces in real life from Key Stage 2. Gravity is aforesaid addressed in Key Stage 2, by and by orchestrating to Piaget ‘s hypothesis they can't to the full grok conceptual develops. As a cluster of new data is instructed during this workforce, the understudies incredibly grow their comprehension. Investiga

Living in Random Hall

Living in Random Hall Pre Dorm Assignment Hi! Welcome to my comprehensive documentation of my time here in Random Hall. I realized that when I was browsing the blogposts, I didnt really find a lot of recent content on Random (because Lydia was our main source of Random content) and I feel like that was partly the reason I didnt really come to discover the quirky little dorm until the last day of CPW. So, Ive decided to try and take on the reigns and show my process to finding, moving in to, and living in Random Hall! Its a mixture of the move-in process as well as just little, fun anecdotes Ive collected over my time here in Random. Pre Dorm Assignment Moments after I was admitted to MIT, I rushed into a call with my boyfriend and did the first reasonable thing any excited prefrosh would do: I started researching dorms. Its relatively well known that, in addition to MITs fervent love for STEM and wacky architecture, theres a large presence of dorm culture at MIT. In fact, it was one of the major factors of me applying and then later choosing to attend MIT. I wanted a school with some amount of school pride, whether that be in their sports, their history, or even just their living situations. After hours of going through i3 videos01 Videos that students create that advertise their respective dorm culture to prospective residents , I finally settled on my future home for life: East Campus. But then I didnt. Because I changed my mind again in January and chose my final destination, my home of homes: MacGregor. And then February: McCormick. March: But what about Next?? In fact, I spiraled through all the possible dorm options for me, excluding one: Random. In my efforts to research every single dorm possible, I ended up neglecting Random Hall, for no particular reason whatsoever. I actually think I didnt register it was a dorm on the MIT Guide to Residence page and thought it was a hyperlink that randomized the page you landed on. Go figure. Then came CPW, where I experienced an event that would change my living situation decision forever: The Random Hall Nekomimi Cat Cafe. My friends and I saw the event on the CPW schedule and knew we had to go. I remember the walk down Mass Ave and thinking to myself How far is this place? To people who dont actually know what Random looks like, chances are youll miss it on your first initial walkthrough. I actually did. It took us a couple of minutes to realize we had missed 290 Mass Ave and we awkwardly backtracked until we stood in front of the looming, doughnut-like structure before us. We entered, quietly and sheepishly telling the front desk we were here for the Nekomimi Cat Cafe event, to which they buzzed us in. We were greeted by upperclassmen dressed in maid costumes paired with cat ears and tails. They told us the food was still cooking and offered us an impromptu tour of Random Hall, which we gladly accepted. And I. Fell. In. Love. I wont go in to too much detail of the tour since its so much better to do go tour yourself, but Ill just name a few key features that made me choose Random over every other dorm: Singles, size, and cost. Aside from being the cheapest on campus dorm, there are about 12 people to each floor on Random. Its 10 singles and 2 doubles per floor. This was Very Appealing to my introverted, privacy-needing self. Three to four refrigerators per floor. Glorious, glorious food. CATS CATS CATS. The second floor allows cats! here are the current loop cats: she looks cute but shes a demon evie (evadne) being a cutie pie An arrow pointing right Previous An arrow pointing right Next Mural painting. Random Hall is full of beautiful murals and room decor. loop mascot! the map of world memes! i don't go up to bonfire enough but this one is so cool when you see the Things, Don't say anything, just comment a ;) god i love this floor whenever i use the bathroom late at night on clam and turn to my right, i see this! it's terrifying! this one is right outside my door! you can see mariia's FSM. this tree has lots of easter eggs try and see if you can find them i walk by this one a Lot An arrow pointing right Previous An arrow pointing right Next Roofdeck. Random has a roofdeck that is not only beautiful, but allows for movies to be projected onto the building next to them that allows us to have fun, super cool movie nights. Peapod. Random Hall utilizes a grocery delivery system, where you can order your groceries online and theyll be delivered to the dorm once a week for free. The culture. Every floor has a relatively distinct culture. Loop being the quiet floor, Clam loud and into gaming and anime and Ive also overheard some kpop there too, Pecker math and experimental baking, etc. The people. Cheesy, I know, but in that brief tour of Random, I met some of the kindest, nicest people. Everyone was so welcoming and so kind even though we just kind of barged into their home and asked for an unplanned tour. After the tour, we all sat down in Foo and had some really delicious curry and I knew my mind had been made. When the housing forms came along, I submitted Random Hall as my first choice. Post-Dorm Assignment, Pre-Room Assignment Around early August, our housing forms were returned to us and I, unsurprisingly, was dormed in Random. I kind of knew I would be placed in Random since its a relatively small, unknown dorm that many people dont put as their first priority, unlike Maseeh or Simmons. And then the cycle repeated itself. I called my boyfriend at the time and started researching all of the floors I could possibly live on. Should I live on the queerest, coolest, edgiest floor: Black Hole? Or should I go a bit nerdier with Pecker? But what about B O N F I R E? But what kind of room do I want? A 1-Room? A 5-Room? What about a 3-Room? I ultimately decided I wanted to live on Clam, the loudest, rowdiest, coolest bunch of people youll ever meet. And I wanted a single. I knew that for a fact. Post-Dorm Assignment, Post-Temp-Room Assignment But then. Room 212. I was placed in a double on Loop. I remember anxiously looking up my roommates name, feeling incredible f e a r. For a bit more context: On the Myer-Briggs test, I placed as an INFJ, scoring about 84% introverted on the extrovert-introvert scale. The prospect of having a roommate terrified me. What if they didnt like me? What if they didnt respect my privacy? What if I did something they didnt like? It became panic on top of panic on top of panic. And then I was on  Loop, one of the two all women floors in Random. Another flash of panic.02 More context: I didnt really have a lot of girl friends, as I hung out mainly with guys for most of my life for reasons unknown to me. Its not that I didnt know how to hang out with girls. I love girls and I love women empowerment, but also most of the friends Ive had that are girls havent been very longlasting friendships. Would it be like a sorority? I dont want to live in a sorority. But MIT sororities arent like other sororities? But large groups of women are still scary? WHAT IF THEY DONT LIKE ME? AND THEY TALK BEHIND MY BACK?? At this point, Im basically freaking out because my whole Random Hall Clam single room plan was botched. Move In Day I arrived to Cambridge on August 19th, but didnt actually move in to Random until August 20th. My mom and I had Lyfted to Random Hall with my two unbelievably heavy and overpacked 50-pound bags, which seemed fine, until I remembered that Random Hall has no elevators. Luckily, the move in committee was sitting outside Random to help me move my bags in. I entered on the 290 side, where I got my room key from the desk at Foo and was led by Mark, a graduate student tutor (GRT), to my room. Navigating Random at first was difficult. Random Hall has two sides. 290 and 282. Only the first and third floors are connected so if you want to go from Loop (second floor on the 282 side) to Black Hole (second floor on the 290 side), you either have to go up to the third floor, around and come back down, go to the first floor and do the same process, or go to the basement and roofdeck and do the same. Mark led me up to BMF (on the third floor) and we walked through a narrow corridor to get to Clam, from where we descended down the stairs and entered kitchen-side to Loop, where lo and behold, was my room. I tentatively entered, unsure whether Mariia was inside or not. She arrived a couple days prior to me due to international student orientation happening on August 15th. Luckily, the room was empty. I saw she had claimed the first bunk and a bookshelf and desk for herself. I began to unpack. A couple hours later I didnt actually run into Mariia until I took my friends (the same ones from the CPW!! yes! I kept my friend group!! Its possible!!) to the Random Hall Roofdeck Movie Marathon. The movie had already started so I had to awkwardly Naruto-run across the roofdeck to try and not impair anyones vision, when I heard a whispered Cami!! And I turned and saw Mariia, who I recognized because of Facebook stalking but also because we exchanged a couple of friendly emails. We unfortunately didnt talk, but it was nice to put a voice to the face. The first two weeks (FPOP + REX) My roommate and floor woes were eased when upperclassmen explained the rooming process to me. Rooms given to the frosh were only  temporary rooms. A couple days before official room assignment day are given to us to explore more of the floors and figure things about. Then, we would fill out a google form and would be matched with a room. Having never cooked for myself before or ever done laundry before, I was very, very nervous. I was living off of food from my FPOP, Discover Product Design, which provided breakfast, lunch, and dinner for the entirety of the week-long program. (Shout out DPD, I should probably do a blogpost on FPOPs eventually.) This is also the place where I befriended Aiden, who would eventually become one of my closest friends here at MIT. I held fun, but brief, conversations with Mariia trying to get to know her a bit because I was intimidated out of my  mind by her in the first week. She was a super duper cool international student from Ukraine with an interest in energy, sustainability, and mechanical engineering. She usually arrived back to the dorm in the wee early hours of the morning so I didnt really see her around much. But we then started to talk more and more and I realized that she was not scary at all. I mean, she was scarily smart and talented, but in terms of actual personality, she was one of the nicest people Ive ever had the pleasure of befriending. I realized that having a roommatewasnt all that bad. Ill spare you the details of friendship development and the raising of our little green friendship bar like in the Sims, but we ultimately decided that we loved our room and we loved each other and we wanted to stay in the same room. At this point, I had already explored the other floors and didnt really feel the need to move around. Funnily enough, Loop seemed to best fit my personality and wants in a living space perfectly. Loop is a party floor Historically, Loop is known as the quiet floor in Random Hall. Quiet hours were around 10pm, as most of the floor was asleep by 11pm. Floor culture consisted of tea drinking and crocheting and Loop rarely had any non-Loop residents on the floor aside from the typical cat tourism. It was overall a very wholesome experience. Until five frosh moved onto the  floor. Okay, so Im not saying Im  proud of this but I will say Im  pleased because us frosh have literally slowly, but surely, changed the culture on Loop. Average sleep time changed from 10pm to somewhere between 12am and 3am. We (respectfully) play music on speakers from time to time. Mariia and I often brought our friends over to hang out and pset. If I had a dollar for every time an upperclassman has told me It was  not like this last year. Well, I could probably buy myself multiple one-dollar candy bars. Regardless, it was somewhat gratifying to see how us frosh do have some power to alter the culture of a floor. Of course, we still abide to rules and Loop is still the neatest and cleanliest floor in all of Random, if not the entire campus. I jokingly refer to Loop culture as holesome, where we still maintain some semblance of good wholesome activities but when those late night hour hits its all over for Loop and us five frosh (mainly me, Aiden, Caroline, and Mariia. Melissa and Thao are the good frosh. And I know you might be saying: But wait Cami! Thats six frosh you just named? And one of them is a guy? Isnt Loop an all girls floor? Just wait til the next section, buddy.) My double becomes a triple My friend group is heavily scattered across campus. Aiden lived in Next, Aidan lives in Simmons, Emma lives in BC, and well, Raymonds just in Destiny (the first floor in Random on the 282 side.) They would all often visit Random at least 3-4 times a week, with us switching off to spend time in either Simmons or BC accordingly. But it got to the point where Aiden, who lives the farthest away, would stay the latest at Random. At first, we just told him to crash here and sleep on the lounge sofas or kitchen sofas. Sure, thats fine. After repeating this two more times, one of the upperclassmen came to me and told me that he should probably sleep in a room, as to not scare the floor residents when they seem a random man repeatedly sleeping on their sofas. So, Mariia and I inflated one of the two air mattresses we received (for free from hosting two people at HackMIT!!!) and told Aiden, This is your Home. At that point, Aiden practically lived here. He had spent more time on Random than he had ever spent in Next. He repeatedly cooked meals for the floor, jokingly deeming himself The Loop Meal Plan. Floor residents tended to him and Loved him and appreciated him. He was even added to the Snoop 2019-2020 group chat, after being given cabinet and fridge space. He soon gained the title of Resident Male on Loop, a title previously held by Mike (someone before us froshes time.) Snoop became a thing because Emily decided to start putting Sn at the beginning of every word ever which is why we are now Snoop. There is also a snoop snailing snist and if you are ever on Snoop, you will find instances of this Sn language everywhere. Snits snuirky. (Its quirky.) Eventually, there became an opportunity for Snaiden to switch into Random permanently, and so Snaiden now happily sleeps on Black Hole, but he still Lives in Snoop, cooking, cleaning, and studying here. In fact, Snariia and I still have his air mattress inflated not only because we miss our son, but because he sometimes just crashes here in general. Our room has been a triple, quad, and even quint throughout the semester, and honestly? I wouldnt have it any other way. The Present This blogpost has been in my drafts for a little under two months. Words cannot describe how much I love and appreciate Loop, but Ill really try my best. Im sitting at my first home in California for Thanksgiving break and all Ive been able to think about is how much I miss Random Hall. I miss walking out of my double to be greeted by Tafsia and Nadia sitting at the kitchen table, bantering and laughing and teasing. I miss the smell of Thaos heavenly cooking that wafts through kitchen side every morning and evening. I miss being greeted by Miss Devil Cat Zella and having her wildly run around kitchen to get rid of her zoomies. I miss Michaye leading her cult of Crocheters, as they sit in lounge furiously crocheting with The Mandalorian playing in the background. I did not expect to end up here at all. I did not expect Loop to literally house all of my friends. I did not expect to grow so attached to a place so quickly. Even now, surrounded by my family by blood and the TV blaring this Ohio State Michigan game, I cant help but think of my family back at MIT, who are probably either at the Z or sitting in kitchen crocheting Secret Santa gifts for each other. I dont know when this turned into a love letter to literally all of Loop but if one of you all happen to read this: Living on Loop has changed my life. And I know I say that about a lot of things here, but the MIT experience is very lifechanging! I arrived as a scared, nervous frosh that was accepted and adopted by this great community of strong and intelligent women. Theyve all helped me in one way or another, whether its helping me choose what classes to take, giving me some Big Hard Live Advice at 2 in the morning, or even just showing me how to use the dishwasher. I think overall its clear to say that our expectations are much different than the reality. When I was first accepted to MIT, I thought Id live in a pretty single in EC. Then I thought Id live in a cramped triple in Next. Even after I got into Random, I was determined to live on a single in Clam. And now Im here, on Loop, a floor that I love. The best part of Random Hall is not our roofdeck, or our numerous amount of fridges, or our plethora of signs and murals. The best part, for me at least, is knowing that at the end of the day I get to walk down Mass Ave, past Saloniki, past Beantown, past MIT Museum, and turn to an unassuming stack of doughnuts, enter those doors, and walk into a home. If youve never considered or even looked at Random before, I suggest you do. It could end up being the perfect place for you. I know it is for me. Please enjoy these pictures of Loop from my friend group: i swear there's context behind these quotes. once again, i swear there's context for these quotes. zoom in and try and read some of the sentences. spot the floorcest (yes it's aiden and caroline i love my friends they're so cute) ~male essence aiden padilla~ An arrow pointing right Previous An arrow pointing right Next Videos that students create that advertise their respective dorm culture to prospective residents back to text ? More context: I didn't really have a lot of girl friends, as I hung out mainly with guys for most of my life for reasons unknown to me. It's not that I didn't know how to hang out with girls. I love girls and I love women empowerment, but also most of the friends I've had that are girls haven't been very longlasting friendships. back to text ?

Frankie Muse Freeman Civil Rights Attorney

In 1964, at the height of the Civil Rights Movement, attorney Frankie Muse Freeman was appointed to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights by Lyndon B. Johnson. Freeman, who had built a reputation as a lawyer unafraid to fight racial discrimination, was the first woman to be appointed to the commission. The Commission was a federal organization dedicated to investigating complaints of racial discrimination. For 15 years, Freeman served as part of this federal-fact finding agency that helped to establish the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Fair Housing Act of 1968. Achievements First African-American woman to win a major civil rights case in 1954.The first woman to be appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights.Helped to develop the Citizens’ Commission on Civil Rights in 1982.Inducted into the National Bar Association’s Hall of Fame in 1990.Inducted into the International Civil Rights Walk of Fame at the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic SiteAppointed as a member of the Presidential Scholars by President Barack Obama.Awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP in 2011.Recipient of the Spirit of Excellence Award from the American Bar Association Commission on Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the Profession in 2014.Published the memoir, A Song of Faith and Hope.Recipient of honorary doctorate degrees from Hampton University, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis University, Washington University in St. Louis and Howard University. Early Life and Education Frankie Muse Freeman was born on November 24, 1916, in Danville, Va. Her father,   William Brown was one of three postal clerks in Virginia. Her mother, Maude Beatrice Smith Muse, was a housewife dedicated to civic leadership in the African-American community. Freeman attended the Westmoreland School and played piano throughout her childhood. Despite living a comfortable life, Freeman was aware of the impact that Jim Crow laws had on African-Americans in the South.   In 1932, Freeman began attending Hampton University (then Hampton Institute). In 1944, Freeman enrolled in Howard University Law School, graduating in 1947. Frankie Muse Freeman: Attorney 1948:  Freeman opens a private law practice after not being able to secure employment at several law firms. Muse handles divorces and criminal cases. She also takes so pro bono cases. 1950: Freeman begins her career as a civil rights attorney when she becomes legal counsel to the NAACP’s legal team in a lawsuit filed against the St. Louis Board of Education. 1954: Freeman serves as the lead attorney for the NAACP case Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority. The ruling abolished legal racial discrimination in public housing in St. Louis. 1956: Relocating to St. Louis, Freeman becomes a staff attorney for the St. Louis Land Clearance and Housing Authorities. She holds this position until 1970. During her 14 year tenure, Freeman served as an associate general counsel and then general counsel of the St. Louis Housing Authority. 1964: Lyndon Johnson nominates Freeman to serve as a member of the United States Commission on Civil Rights. In September of 1964, the Senate approves her nomination. Freeman will be the first African-American woman to serve on the civil rights commission. She holds this position until 1979 after being reappointed by presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter. 1979: Freeman is appointed as Inspector General for the Community Services Administration by Jimmy Carter. However, when Ronald Reagan was elected president in 1980, all Democratic inspector generals were asked to resign from their positions. 1980 to Present: Freeman returned to St. Louis and continued to practice law. For many years, she practiced with Montgomery Hollie Associates, LLC. 1982: Worked with 15 former federal officials to establish the Citizens Commission on Civil Rights. The purpose of the Citizens Commission on Civil Rights is to end racial discrimination in United States’ society. Civic Leader In addition to her work as an attorney, Freeman has served as a Trustee Emeritus of the Board of Trustees at Howard University; former Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Council on Aging, Inc. and the National Urban League of St. Louis; Board member of the United Way of Greater St. Louis; the Metropolitan Zoological Park and Museum District; the St. Louis Center for International Relations. Personal Life Freeman married Shelby Freeman before attending Howard University. The couple had two children.

The Exhibition Experience Using Falk And Dierking s...

People gather halfway through the Andy Warhol exhibition, at The Portland Art Museum, in front of a looping short film of Warhol eating a burger ending with â€Å"I’m Andy Warhol and I just finished eating a burger† (, n.d.). The exhibition, provided by the Jordan Schnitzer family, is the largest collection of Warhol’s work to ever be on display (Portland Art Museum, n.d.). I will be evaluating the Warhol exhibition experience using Falk and Dierking’s Interactive Experience Model (IEM). IEM entails factors form both outside and inside the institution, contributing to the museum experience in three different contexts, the sociocultural (social), physical, and personal. Unknowingly the visitor uses these contexts to interact with the exhibition and museum, before, during and after the visit takes place. Museum staff can use these contexts to evaluate the visitor experience determining the success of the exhibition and revealing areas for improvement. Researching a museum before the visit is an important factor in the visitor gaining useful knowledge on the exhibition and experience ahead. Upon visiting the website I was able find large amounts of information pertaining to the Warhol exhibition that would be beneficial for my visit. The website provided concise information on the museum location, parking information in the area, cost of admission, and should expected and gained from the exhibition. The large exhibition has been built to display a timeline of Warhol’s

A Easy Tip About Agree and Disagree Essay Topics Revealed

A Easy Tip About Agree and Disagree Essay Topics Revealed So there you are, desperately searching to discover a new and authentic topic. You're likely to need to do a reasonable amount of investigating to compose a strong argument essay, so attempt to choose a topic that you're at least somewhatinterested in. Be careful when choosing a topic. Also, remember a couple pretty normal tips on selecting a topic for an opinion essay. You may be amazed at the strong opinions expressed within this essay. That said, here's a list of argumentative essay suggestions to get you started. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's important to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Then use the remainder of the essay to back up your view. Let's move on the 2nd primary criterion, addressing all sections of the question. You should have just one key idea per paragraph. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. The other trouble with this method of opening your argument is that it's unclear which side you're on. The Chronicles of Agree and Disagree Essay Topics If you still have an obscure comprehension of how to compose an agree or disagree essay, you can purchase this customized essay online. Most importantly it will make sure that the message in your essay is simple to follow (one of the main criteria for higher level scores). First, the essay will talk about the significance of parental involvement during childhood and second, the essay will appear at the value of experiencing a part-time job during childhood. After, you should start writing an essay. Worrying about cancer can provide you cancer. Women and men can never truly be equal. Perhaps even more to the point, when students volunteer, they're more likely to understand that their actions have a positive effect on the world around them. At the present time, the typical child in the West does sport possibly twice each week, which is not sufficient to counteract their otherwise sedentary way of life. The local folks will believe they are really friendly and nice. Moreover, following the regional customs and traditions are suitable time for those who start dwelling in a new country to obtain more knowledge. Each paragraph is connected to the writer's opinion. The reader already knows that it's your opinion, as you are stating it! Don't compose any new ideas within this paragraph. Agree and Disagree Essay Topics Ideas The sentence will often be greatly improved without them. This sentence should contain the most important idea of the entire 1st paragraph. It's always just 1 sentence long so that you might have to practice summing up your opinion in 1 se ntence. This is definitely the most important sentence in your essay. It's hoped that reading books will function as a supply aid to TV. Life was better 20 years back. For instance, there are now thousands of completely free on-line courses readily available on YouTube that everyone can watch and learn from any place in the world. Ruthless Agree and Disagree Essay Topics Strategies Exploited For example, the price of organic food has proven prohibitively expensive for most people and that's why only a small fraction of the populace buy it regularly. To conclude, junk food needs to be taxed at a greater rate on account of the fantastic precedent determined by alcohol and tobacco and how the higher cost should lower the quantity of fast food people buy. Tax from fast food could be utilized in the exact way. There ought to be an excess tax on unhealthy food.

Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Music free essay sample

Twentieth and Twenty-first Century Music Music would forever be changed by the developments of the 20th and 21 SST centuries and through the invention of the internet, music has become a global median for all languages. The twentieth and twenty-flirts centuries brought about major changes in the world of music as many people knew music up until then. For centuries before, music was mainly made up of instrumental music from stringed and wind instruments with the exception of Operas. With advancements In technology and culture many new genres of music developed along with an Increased Involvement of women In music.There was also an increased presence of vocals being used in the creation of music during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This had much to do with the change In culture as well as the advancements In technology and increased the variety of venues musical performers could play In. The new electronic Instruments also developed during this time were a strong contributor in the large increase of different types of music created. A large number of new musical genres were created during the 20th and 21st centuries. These include but are not limited toast, Rock and Roll, Country, Blues, Folk, Pop, RB, Rap, and Electronic.Many of these new genres are derivatives of earlier forms of music and many have sub genres underneath the main ones. This huge Influx of new musical genres was due In part to the large numbers of Immigrants entering the united states and the melding of different cultures Into one another. The melding of cultures helped bring new ideas and some new musical inventions such as the electric guitar, bass guitar, drum kit, synthesizer, sampler, and keyboards to create fresh new melodies. It was through these freedoms and experimentation that musicians were able to express Ideas that would change the ay the world would view and hear music forever.Music has evolved in the 20th and 21 SST centuries through contributions from men, women and even children to some extent. Although some music remained for men only such as the Jewish folk music known as Sleeker, many of the new genres of music during this time period involved woman performers. (Sleeker) Women had been writing music before the 20th century for decades, but it wasnt until the 20th century that they finally begin to gain prominence and gain some recognition for their accomplishments. Osborne) However, women still faced challenges in many aspects of music during the 20th and 21st centuries as they increased their roles in some of the newer musical genres, they like their women business world counterparts encountered more resistance and bias when trying to transcend more traditional genres such as classical musi c. (Osborne) In a recent study by Alimenting and Hickman, estimated the percentages of women represented in the 1 OFF representation of women at 36%, followed by the U. K. At 30%, and 16% for East and West Germany. Osborne) While in decades past the typical orchestra consisted typically of white males of European descent, today women are increasing their embers with nearly half of all students currently at conservatories of music being women. (Osborne) Whether it is men or women controlling the orchestra, one thing is for certain: music will continuously evolve and change. An increase in the use of vocal music lead to a dramatic increase in the different types of venues musicians performed at during the 20th and 21st centuries.Typically during the early 20th century, vocal music was only performed in half shell open stages like those found in theater and opera houses, but today there is a much larger variety of venues for musicians to play in from those that hold thousands to mom that only hold a few dozen. Today it mainly depends on the popularity of the music and is ultimately up to the musician as to whether they prefer a large open stage with thou sands of people or a small club type atmosphere where the people are closer and the musician feels more intimate and involved with the audience.While the centuries before many venues were used for the primary purpose of the operas or symphony orchestras, most of todays venues serve as multi-purpose event complexes. With the explosion of sports along with music during the 20th and 21st centuries, an arena or stadium may hold a basketball game one night and have a withy and blues concert on the next night. Many of these arenas and stadiums are setup for musical venues with lighting and acoustics already in place, the only thing that usually has to be done is to build up a stage and sell the tickets.The ability for these venues to hold thousands of people and the mass marketing available to musical performs today help create a cash flow that was never even dreamed of in the centuries of music before. Regardless of how the music is presented or how many spectators show up, the people always come to enjoy the creativity and skillfulness of those musicians who perform. Along with math, music is one of the universal languages of the world.Though many people interpret music in different ways, we all listen to enjoy it, dance to it or just use the melody and rhythm to help us relax. As our world evolve s and becomes more complex it would be safe to think that music will always be there in some form or another. Music is an art form and another unique way people express themselves. During the 20th and 21st centuries we have seen that uniqueness grow by leaps and bounds with the number of new genres that emerged. We can only imagine what the future holds in the world of music!

The Cloud of Unknowing Essay Sample free essay sample

Most of us in this universe are trusters. Even though we have different sorts of beliefs. we believe in one powerful being – for Catholics. they called him God ; for Muslims. they called him Allah. and many other names but it refers to merely one. the 1 who is above us. Many of us wanted to see God face-to-face. We wanted to cognize him personally and sometimes we want to comprehend him to do us believe that he is true. However. God continue to be unknown. he besides continued to be a secret being but most of us believe him through his fantastic plants and great miracles. In this instance. people who genuinely believed that God truly be and he is with us wanted to portion some ideas or acquisition and comprehending God as a fantastic being who have been with us ever like the Godhead of the book The Cloud of Unknowing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cloud of Unknowing Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This book is about cognizing God through Mary. Martha and other important manifestations of God’s love. The writer showed. described. elaborated. and perceived God’s miracles. forgiveness. preaches. and love in all portion of the novel. He exhaustively described God’s actions and forgiveness through different sorts of illustrations and state of affairss of Martha and Mary. Through this. a reader of this book would larn how God works and forgive people who wanted to alter and travel back to him. In this book. Mary seemed to be the good character while Martha is the bad character but she was non that bad. it is merely that she ever complained to God for her sister Mary. The large differentiation between these two sisters was elaborated and described exhaustively through their actions and beliefs. Because the purpose of reading this book is to reflect on my personal life and my prayer life as a reader. footings such as active life. brooding life. apophatic. and cataphatic should be exhaustively defined. â€Å"The way of an active life consists of fasting. abstention. watchfulness. kneeling. supplication. and other physical characteristics composing the sound and sorrowful way which. by the word of God. leads to ageless life. †[1 ]On the other manus. harmonizing to Bishop Alexander Milieant.the brooding life consists in the head draw a bead oning to the Lord God. in consciousness of the bosom. focused supplication and in the contemplation of religious affairs through such exercisings. Harmonizing to the lexicon.apophatic agencies of or associating to the belief that God can be known to worlds merely in footings of what He is non while cataphatic is of or associating to the spiritual belief that God can be known to worlds positively or affirmatively. Personally. I can state that I am a truster but there are times when I tend to oppugn my belief towards God particularly when I have so many jobs and these jobs became a large load to me and to my household. When my jobs became more debatable and it was difficult for me to work out these jobs. I tend to go like Martha who complained to God’s credibleness and infinity. However. if my jobs are non excessively difficult and I still have the control to hold those jobs that I have. I am Mary who truly believes that God will ever be at my side no affair what happen. Apparently. most of my life is like Mary because believing God is still with me even if there are I times when I have a leaning of kicking and oppugning him about my life and my state of affairs. I am besides a cataphatic truster. I genuinely believe that God exist even if he is non with me physically. he islike a air current. you can non see it but you can experience it. [ 2 ] I may non be a perfect truster but I know t hat I believe God as my Godhead and Lord. As a Muslim. we have a important clip to pray and honour our God for his plants and miracles in our lives. Peoples knows that we all go to our mosque to praise Allah for everything but we are non like other faith who praised him through wordy supplication but we prayed to him in a quiet mode for we believed that the earnestness of our supplication comes from our Black Marias and non in our oral cavity. I am besides a brooding individual like Mary who used to believe and aware of God through my supplications and religious beliefs. Therefore. I can state that my supplication life is a quiet supplication because for me. it is more effectual instead than stating it through my oral cavity because through my quiet supplication. I can state everything and it was merely between Allah and me. Like other faiths. we Muslims have besides a important construct and images of God. Because I believe that there is God. my construct of God is the 1 who is great. loving. forgiving. omniscient. powerful. sanctum and ageless because logically. our construct of God will ever be like this and every bit long as we knew that our God has these sorts of images. we continue to believe in him. Personally. I can state that our God Allah is the brilliant one and all-knowing being because we can experience his sanctity. love. and power through his miracles and prognostication. Through our holy book. the Quran. our head. organic structure and psyche were fed by his good intelligence and instructions. Therefore. through these facets of religious growing. we felt that we are renewed and pure. This book of contemplation is merely one of many books who taught us to believe in the goodness of God and to see his love and clemency. It besides teaches us the right signifier of supplication and other of import facets of religious growing. However. the writer used deep words and it does non assist the readers to understand to the full what he was seeking to enforce and to partake in his book. The readers need to read this book many times to understand the significances of it on a little graduated table and even in the big graduated table. As a whole. even if it was excessively difficult to understand because of the words used. it was full of thoughts. perceptual experiences. and facts that helped readers to understand what life beyond and the significance of true God non merely in its name but besides through its fantastic workss and powerful plants that helped us saw the beautiful life. Beginnings: Anonymous. The Cloud of Unknowing. Harper Collins Spiritual Classics. 2000 Bishop Milient. Alexander. St. Seraphine of Sarov – Life and Teachings. ( n. d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www. orthodoxphotos. com/readings/SOS/index. shtml The Holy Bible. American Bible Society. 1980 Dictionary. con Lexico Publishing Group. LLC. 2007 hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary. mention. com/ [ 1 ] Holy Bible: Matthew 7:14 [ 2 ] Dialogue from the film. A Walk to Remember. ( film of Mandy Moore and Shane West )

How to deal with a career crossroads

How to deal with a career crossroads In pop culture, we picture midlife crises in a very specific way. The man who buys the Ferrari. The woman who goes on a soul-searching trip with lots of yoga and beautiful European locales. In real life, though, it can be a lot more subtle than that- and often hits the professional life rather than the personal one. If you’re feeling mid-career blahs, and aren’t sure how to deal with it, it could be a career crossroads. Is it time for a change? Should you keep going on your current path? What is a career crossroads and how can you handle it?The career crossroads is a point where you start to wonder what the rest of your career should look like. It can be brought on by changes at work (a new boss, big changes in the company) or really by nothing at all except a general sense of am I doing what I should be doing?  The end result could be staying where you are, looking for a new job, or jumping fields altogether. Let’s look at some strategies for dealing with a ca reer crossroads.Do an audit of your professional lifeNow is the time to ask some very important questions about what you’re doing now and where you’ve been. Are you in a field that you chose decades ago, right out of school, because it felt like the right choice at the time? Do you still feel like it was the right choice? Have you moved as far in your job or field as you would like? Do you feel burned out because you no longer feel fulfilled by what you’re doing, or would minor changes make your life better in the same job?It’s also a chance to reassess your values. What’s the most important career factor for you at this point? A certain salary? The emotional fulfillment you get from your job? A certain job title or set of responsibilities?Be honest about what you wantThis isn’t about what others might want for you or what you wanted back when you were a student. The person you are now may have changed totally from your younger self, so it’s time to be realistic about what you want to achieve in the next phase of your career.Here are some factors to consider:What’s the financial picture in your career right now? Sites like Glassdoor and Salary.com can help you figure out if your salary is in line with others at your level of experience, job title, etc.Do you feel fulfilled by what you’re doing? If you find yourself bored but generally happy with your field, think about what would make your job more challenging or fulfilling. If you can’t think of anything that would enhance your current path, then it’s time to ask †¦Would you be happier doing something else? The mid-career change is increasingly common. What you wanted to do forever at age 22 is not necess arily the same thing you want to do forever at age 50. If you think you need a drastic change, then it’s also time to think about what would be involved in starting over (Going back to school? Certification?).Don’t be afraid to get an outside perspectiveYou don’t have to muscle through your crossroads alone. In fact, it can really help to get the outside advice of someone you trust, like a mentor or someone else in your field. It’s best to avoid people at your current job (lest you spark rumors about you quitting), but a former colleague could be a good choice. The act of describing your current frustrations and future goals can help you visualize what you really want to do.Create  an  action  planIf you determine that it’s time to make a job change or push for a promotion at your current job, then do it. Set a plan for your job search. Update your resume. Dust off your LinkedIn page, and start building your network. Start building your negot iation plan for approaching your boss. The outcome of your self-audit should always be an action plan of some sort, kind of a roadmap for the next phase of your career. Whether you’re staying put or looking for something new, you should come up with several tasks that will make your professional life better.If you feel yourself approaching the career crossroads, don’t let the questions or frustrations get you down. It’s the perfect opportunity to take charge, and shape your career for the better.

Project management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Project management - Case Study Example The three entities of ABC Canada will now share financial, human resources, and sales management elements. There is a fundamental problem of the current systems as they cannot integrate and share information with each other. According to Jean Roberge, the vice president of IT at ABS Canada, the required system should be able to integrate the management system for the development of the entire organisation. The adoption of the new system presents various management issues that include the technological changes making some of the current approaches become obsolete. There is an imminent change in the direction of IT management at the company following the implementation of the proposed system. This will change the roles performed by Roberge, hence he needs to find someone who can assist in performing the various activities arising after adopting the new system. The process of getting an assistant to Roberge is a fundamental challenge that is threatening the implementation of the proposed system Understanding the situation remains essential towards gaining insight and consequently getting the solution to the problem facing the organisation. It is essential to make a consideration of the organisational capabilities regarding information technology in seeking to ascertain the possible solutions to the problem identified. Roberge should conduct an Emerging Issues Analysis in seeking to understand the concerns which might arise in future and develop a strategic plan for the future (Kloppenborg, 2014). This would involve brainstorming with fellow employees whom he feels can provide support in finding solutions to the problem. Since technological change remains inevitable, there is need for Roberge to conduct training of fellow employees through the consultants who have been involved in making the proposals. This will enhance the knowledge of

Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marjane Satrapi's Persepolis - Essay Example The film has helped in bringing static pictures to life; something that did not seem possible until animated films from Pixar and the likes were being produced. The way Satrapi’s animation has been styled is simply a matter of grace and charm, leading a larger audience to watch and follow the life she led. The buildings of Tehran and Vienna, its people and emotions have all been portrayed so beautifully, that the film itself is more lyrical than a theoretical memoir of someone’s life. The humor and excitement that Satrapi feels as she grows up, has all been depicted marvelously. â€Å"Similarly, if the movie version had been conventionally cast and acted, it would inevitably have seemed less magical as well as less real.† (Scott, A. O.) Marjane’s family consists of leftist thinkers in the Shah’s regime, and they later live under the rule of the mullahs as the revolution takes place and people are forced to switch their lifestyles however Marjane tri es her best to remain unchanged as she takes her grandmother’s advice and maintains her identity the best way that she can. As she ventures to France to study she finds a whole new world where people live differently, and moreover, she is treated differently because of her religious and national background. The political repression has been showed wonderfully as the film moves into a world of colour; this further signifies Marjane’s personal voice growing and she becoming a woman of her own word. She grows into a rebel in a land where turning against the law is punishable by the minute. However, she stands for what she believes in, tries her best to get what she wants, and at the same time the same is depicted through a great amount of humour. Her love interests have also been portrayed in the movie; something a typical young girl would relate to. She is tells the story of how she believed in someone and felt affection for him because he showed her a different idea of living life. Later on however, her heart is broken and she realises the tough life one has to live. Her grandmother’s words keep coming to her as a revelation she keeps pushing off until she truly matures – owning up to her national and religious identity no matter however much a person might insult the same. However, this becomes a dilemma of her own as she is ridiculed in Vienna because of which she dramatizes her life’s situations and throws tantrums just like any other young woman. The music used in the movie is amazing; it truly matches the atmosphere being depicted in the background. Right from the history of how the Shah’s regime came into being to the wars and post war rebellion accountable to the citizens, the soundtracks are enough to give the audience goose bumps. However, at the same time, many critics state that the film went overboard in converting a graphic novel into moving images and thus was not so different from the books written by Sat rapi. This is because the film may seem to feel like meandering pages out of the diary of a young woman’s life, growing up in Iran and moving to France after that. The movie might seem to portray outbursts of her life unnecessarily and some even find the imagery to be very superficial, almost like a mix between a young infant’s animation film and an adult’

Causes of Conflict in DRC

Causes of Conflict in DRC INVESTIGATING THE CAUSES OF CONFLICT IN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) Location of the D R Congo Background The Congo is situated at the heart of the west-central portion of sub-Saharan Africa. DR Congo borders the Central African Republic and Sudan on the North; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi on the East; Zambia and Angola on the South; the Republic of the Congo on the West; and is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika on the East. The country enjoys access to the ocean through a 40-kilometre (25 mile) stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda and the roughly nine-kilometer wide mouth of the Congo river which opens into the Gulf of Guinea. The country straddles the Equator, with one-third to the North and two-thirds to the South. The size of Congo, 2,345,408square kilometers (905,567sqmi), is slightly greater than the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the third largest country (by area) in Africa. In order to distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is often referred to as DR Congo, DRC, or RDC, or is called Congo-Kinshasa after the capital Kinshasa (in contrast to Congo-Brazzaville for its neighbour). The name Congo refers to the river Congo, also known as the river Zaire. (The river name Congo is related to the name of the Bakongo ethnic group). As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. The most numerous people are the Kongo, Luba, and Mongo. Although seven hundred local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by widespread use of French and intermediary languages such as Kongo, Tshiluba, Swahili, and Lingala. The Congo is the worlds largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of copper and industrial diamonds. It has significant deposits of tantalum, which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country, but, to date, mining has been on a small scale. Katanga Mining Limited, a London-based company, owns the Luilu Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company restarted copper production in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008. The United Nations 2007 estimated the population at 62.6 million people, having increased rapidly despite the war from 46.7 million in 1997. Currently the Head of State is President Joseph Kabila (October 2006-) and Head of government is Prime Minister Antoine Gizenga (December 2006-). Provinces and territories Formerly the country was divided into eleven provinces, Kinshasa, Province Orientale, Kasaà ¯ Oriental, Kasaà ¯ Occidental, Maniema, Katanga, Sud-Kivu, Nord-Kivu, Bas-Congo, Équateur and Bandundu. However, the constitution approved in 2005 divided the country into 26 fairly autonomous provinces, including the capital, Kinshasa to be formed by 18 February 2009. These are subdivided into 192 territories. Provinces and their Capital Cities Province Capital 1. Kinshasa Kinshasa 2. Kongo central Matadi 3. Kwango Kenge 4. Kwilu Kikwit 5. Mai-Ndombe Inongo 6. Kasaà ¯ Luebo 7. Lulua Kananga 8. Kasaà ¯ oriental Mbuji-Mayi 9. Lomami Kabinda 10. Sankuru Lodja 11. Maniema Kindu 12. Sud-Kivu Bukavu 13. Nord-Kivu Goma Province Capital 14. Ituri Bunia 15. Haut-Uele Isiro 16. Tshopo Kisangani 17. Bas-Uele Buta 18. Nord-Ubangi Gbadolite 19. Mongala Lisala 20. Sud-Ubangi Gemena 21. Équateur Mbandaka 22. Tshuapa Boende 23. Tanganyika Kalemie 24. Haut-Lomami Kamina 25. Lualaba Kolwezi 26. Haut-Katanga Lubumbashi History of the DR Congo Conflict The state of DR Congo emerged from brutal colonial history. From 1880s, Belgian King Leopold II used territory as personal kingdom, exploiting vast natural resources through indigenous forced labour. Leopold transferred control of â€Å"Congo Free State† to Belgian government 1908. After upsurge of nationalist sentiment and parliamentary elections May 1960, Belgium accepted independence June 1960. Within two weeks, country faced nationwide army mutiny and secessionist movements in Katanga and southern Kasai. Cold War interests fuelled tensions, with U.S. fearing Congos break-up and Soviet inroads. Power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and PM Patrice Lumumba intensified when Lumumba used army to brutally (but unsuccessfully) suppress Kasaian rebellion and appealed for Soviet support. Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba, who was later arrested and 1961 assassinated with Belgian complicity. UN troops began disarming Katangan rebels August 1961 but situation deteriorated into sporadic conflict between UN and Katangan forces. Head of breakaway Katanga Moise Tshombe forced out 1963, returning as Congos prime minister 1964. Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu ousted Kasavubu and Tshombe in 1965 and began thirty-two year rule. In 1971-2 he changed the countrys name to Zaire. Mobutu systematically used countrys mineral wealth to consolidate power, co-opt rivals and enrich himself and allies through patronage. Following the end of Cold War, cessation of international aid and internal pressure to democratise pushed him to reinstate multiparty politics in 1991, but Mobutu manipulated agreement to retain power. Mobutu was finally ousted in May 1997 by rebellion under Laurent Kabilas leadership, backed by Rwanda and Uganda. Second war The Second Congo War, also known as Africas World War and the Great War of Africa, began in August 1998 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly called Zaire), and officially ended in July 2003 when the Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo took power (though hostilities continue to this day). The largest war in modern African history, it directly involved eight African nations, as well as about 25armed groups. By 2008 the war and its aftermath had killed 5.4million people, mostly from disease and starvation, making the Second Congo War the deadliest conflict worldwide since World War II. Millions more were displaced from their homes or sought asylum in neighboring countries. War sparked again in August 1998 when Kabila moved to purge Rwandans from government. Rwandan troops backing Congolese Tutsi rebels invaded. Kabila called on Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia for help. It is estimated that 4 million people died in during this conflict between 1998-2004, mostly from war-related diseases and starvation. A Lusaka ceasefire signed July 1999 and UN Security Council peacekeeping mission (MONUC) was authorised in 2000. Laurent Kabila was assassinated January 2001 and replaced by son Joseph. Peace negotiations resulted in Rwandan and Ugandan withdrawal in late 2002, but proxies remained. In December 2002, all Congolese belligerents and political groups signed peace deal in Sun City, South Africa, ushering in transitional government June 2003 in which Kabila shared power with four vice-presidents. However, conflict in Ituri, North Kivu, South Kivu and Katanga provinces continued. Rebel groups, including former Rwandan-backed Tutsi and Hutu militias (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) being largest), continued to fight for land and resources. Violence in north eastern Ituri halted 2003 after three-month French-led emergency mission under EU authority, after UN failed to contain clashes. Deaths and displacements led UN to describe Eastern Congo as â€Å"worlds worst humanitarian crisis† March 2005. Following DRC government request International Criminal Court (ICC) investigate crimes from June 2002 throughout DRC, ICC Prosecutor opened investigation into crimes in Ituri June 2004. Government and MONUC security efforts, undermined by lack of progress in establishing integrated national army, reinvigorated September 2004 by force expansion from 10,800 to 16,700 and more aggressive mandate. From March 2005, MONUC often participated in joint operations with integrated national army. But despite significant demobilisation, many rebel groups still active 2006. Uganda rebel group Lords Resistance Army (LRA) settled in north east late 2005, reigniting tensions: Kampala threatened to pursue LRA into Congo, while Kinshasa suspected Uganda sought access to resources in east. International Court of Justice 2005 found Ugandan army committed human rights abuses and illegally exploited Congolese natural resources. New constitution introducing president/prime minister power sharing and two-term presidential limit was adopted 13 May 2005 and approved by referendum 18 December. After delays, national assembly and first-round presidential elections held 30 July 2006. Violent clashes erupted in Kinshasa between Kabila and opposition MLC leader Jean-Pierre Bemba supporters when neither gained majority in first-round votes. Kabila took presidency in 29 October second round (58 per cent of vote), and his alliance won majority in national and provincial assemblies. Elections considered by outside observers to be relatively free and fair, ushering in first truly democratic government 40 years. Kabila government faces substantial challenges, including an abusive and ill-disciplined national army (FARDC), corrupt public administration, and lack of infrastructure and basic services. Advances in Ituri remain precarious, with slow progress on militia disarmament and reintegration and lack of transparent natural resource management. Security further deteriorated in North Kivu, where the national army and dissidents under command of General Laurent Nkunda (CNDP, National Congress for the Defence of the People Nkundas political movement, unveiled July 2006) resumed fighting from late November 2006, displacing up to 400,000 in years since. Signing of Nairobi Agreement November 2007 and Goma â€Å"Actes dEngagement† January 2008 were welcomed. The Former provided for repatriation of FDLR and latter for ceasefire and voluntary demobilisation of combatants in east, to be implemented through â€Å"Amani† peace program. Success depends on will of militias to disengage, continued funding for the Amani program and improved relations between Kigali and Kinshasa over handling of FDLR. But despite some initial signs of Nkundas readiness to disengage, serious clashes between CNDP and FARDC continued, while June 2008 brought heavy FDLR attacks on civilian camps in North Kivu. Political pluralism has shrunk, with opposition virtually excluded from governorships despite performance in 2006 elections, recurrent use of force against Bembas supporters, and death of over 100 civilians in March 2008 brutal police crackdown on political-cultural movement Bundu dia Kongo in Bas-Congo. The ICC has issued five arrest warrants for DRC leaders and four are in ICC custody three militia leaders charged with crimes in Ituri, and Bemba who was arrested May 2008 for atrocity crimes committed 2002-2003 in neighbouring CARs civil war and transferred to The Hague 4 June 2008. Nkunda resisted hand over of fifth suspect, CNDP chief of staff Bosco Ntaganda, wanted for Ituri crimes. But credibility and future of ICC investigations under question after judges suspended first trial, of UPC militia leader Thomas Lubanga in June 2008 over prosecutions non-disclosure of potentially exculpatory evidence. Recent-Current situation in Congo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A deal concluded between Kabila and rebel commander Laurent Nkunda providing for the integration of Nkundas troops into the armed forces known as mixage collapsed in 2007 amid opposition from hardliners on both sides. Kabilas aides attacked him over perceived preferential treatment given to Tutsis in army integration, drawing on public outcry over massive human rights violations caused in Nkundas operations against the FDLR to undermine the deals legitimacy. Nkundas Goma-based Tutsi backers, afraid of losing everything acquired during the war, threatened to pull their support. The mixage process and its collapse left Nkunda militarily strengthened and removed a viable alternative to continued struggle. After frequent clashes in the first half of 2008, violence again engulfed the region from late August, when Nkundas CNDP rebels launched a fresh offensive on army bases and areas under the formal protection of UN troops. After significant advances and the collapse of the FARDC in the region, the CNDP took control of Rutshuru town in late October, moved to the outskirts of the regional capital Goma and consolidated their hold over the surrounding region. For a short time, UN peacekeeping troops (MONUC) found themselves the last protection against Nkundas advances on Goma. A 29 October ceasefire soon faltered, and clashes continued throughout November (2008). Partially due to an intense diplomatic effort, Nkunda put on hold his offensive on the city, while still continuing and consolidating advances in other areas. International and regional diplomatic efforts commenced from late October, 2008. An EU mission led by the French and British foreign ministers arrived in Congo and Rwanda on 31 October, while African leaders joined by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon met at an emergency summit of the African Union, calling for immediate adherence to the 29 October ceasefire. The UN Security Councils decision to appoint a special envoy former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo added welcome focus and commitment to mediation. International leaders met in Nairobi on 7 November (2008) and called for the immediate implementation of the Goma and Nairobi agreements, establishing a facilitation team composed of Obasanjo and former Tanzanian President Mkapa. The new mediators met with key players over November, securing Nkundas commitment to a ceasefire in the middle of the month, although clashes erupted again shortly afterwards. In February 2009, Rwanda arrested Nkunda though it has not yet handed him o ver. Recent developments also underscored the fragility of the situation in Ituri. October 2008 saw fresh clashes between government and rebel forces as well as a series of brutal attacks and abductions reportedly by Ugandan Lords Resistance Army rebels. Causes of the Congo conflict Leopold and Belgium colonial occupation Like most African nations, the problems in Congo in the recent past have their tap root in the colonial activities by mainly European nations. The Congo possessed an uncharacteristic wealth that made it the desire of many European countries (Lusignan: 2004). It had an abundance of natural resources such as cooper, gold, diamonds, rubber, cobalt, among others that made it the desire of many trading corporations and companies. At the Berlin Conference in 1885, King Leopold was granted to the exclusive right to privately exploit the Congo.  Ã‚   Once in the Congo, Leopold devised an economic system in which the Congo was sectioned into different areas leased to different European corporations that paid Leopold 50 percent of the extracted wealth. Lusigan (2004) writes that Leopold entered the Congo under the cloak and faà §ade of a humanitarian by making hollow promises detailing his intentions to improve the quality of life in the Congo.   He promised to build schools, homes, and to liberate the Congolese people from Arab slave traders.   But under the rule of Leopold, very little was done to improve the well being of the citizens, and instead a regime was instituted that operated solely through force of might.   People were tortured and forced to sign treaties that according to Leopold â€Å"†¦must grant us everything† (Hochschild 71), which included the rights to all land and resources therein.   Thus for a 20 year period, Leopold was able to operate with impunity, and in the process 10 million people were murdered.  Ã‚   During his reign, women and children were brutally raped and murdered and treated like animals. â€Å"They were fed-and slept-in the royal stables.†(Hochschild 176)   They were even hunted like animals for fun and for sport.   Limb amputation was a joy of many Belgium soldiers; hands, heads, and other body were severed for not only proof of kill, but for the cannibalis tic needs of these Belgium soldier.   Even the homes of some Belgium officers were lined with the skulls of the Congolese people for decoration.  Ã‚   Many more died from starvation and exhaustion resulting from the inhumane living conditions present in the Congo. After King Leopold relinquished his position in the Congo, the Belgium parliament assumed legal control of the country, but the trading corporations and companies of Belgium and other European countries continued to dominate the course of events in the Congo. â€Å"The one major goal not achieved, he (Morel) acknowledged, was African ownership of land.† (Hochschild 273)  Ã‚   The Congos wealth of natural resources had always been the main attraction of Belgium, and with Leopold removed, the corporations were given more control and influence over the economy in the Congo.   The United Mines of Upper Katanga (UMHK) was founded shortly after Leopolds reign ended and for the next fifty years, this corporation exercised the greatest influence and control over the economy and the resources with the Congo.   It â€Å"controlled about 70 percent of the economy of the Belgian Congoand controlled the exploitation of cobalt, copper, tin uranium and zinc in mines which were among t he richest in the world.†( Hochschild 31) During this time period, the Congo was one the worlds largest copper-producing countries and the â€Å"cobalt extraction in Katanga represented 75 percent of the entire world production.† (Hochschild 31) In June of 1960, the Congo was granted independence, which threatened the future of European economic control of this profitable source of revenue. The United Nations granted independence to the Congo because of pressure from the worldwide anti-colonial movement that touched Africa in the 1950s. But shortly after the Congos independence, Belgium immediately sent troops to the country in order to protect Katanga, the city in the Congo that possessed a wealth of resources and was the primary export site for these corporations.  Ã‚   With this military presence, the corporations continued their production in the city, and surprisingly, production even increased in the year of independence.   This military presence remained in the Congo for years, thus showing the Congolese people were never truly granted â€Å"independence†.  Ã‚   The entitlement complex of Belgium is further revealed here because Belgium believed that they possessed personal ownership of the land in the Congo, and that the citizens of the Congo did not warrant independence.   Belgium regarded the citizens of the Congo as an inferior people who lacked civilization; they believed that the occupation was justified. This denial of own land and resources, injustice, brutal acts and all other in human acts by Leopold and the Belgians groomed anger, resentment, feelings of discontent among the citizens of Congo that was later to be manifested in counter resistances and civil wars against any one who seemed to portray similar acts and policies, hence, conflicts in the Congo.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Assassination of Patrice Lumumba The emergence of an independent Congo on June 30, 1960 marked the beginning of a new era of colonialism by the Western powers.   On this day, Patrice Lumumba became Prime Minister of the Congo, and in six months he would be assassinated. He was an extraordinary politician, motivator, and visionary, and one of the most influential figures throughout Africa during his term.   He is now enshrined as an historical figure against the fight of injustice because of his outspokenness against the colonization of Africa by European powers (Lusigan: 2004). Lumumba came to power at a time in which the anti-colonial movement was most intense worldwide; this propelled his general regard as a worldwide leader of this movement. The period â€Å"†¦from 1960 to 1965, was the Wests ultimate attempt to destroy the continents authentic independent development.† (Kanza xxv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before serving as Prime Minister, Lumumba was the president of the National Congolese Movement, a party formally constituted in 1958.   He was an ambitious man and envisioned a promising future for the Congo; a future void of European involvement and one in which the Congolese people had absolute power. He was already a prominent figure in the political scene within the Congo, having amassed a following through his writings and speeches advocating sovereignty and the fight against European injustice.   Lumumba eventually became prime minister through democratic elections, but his government only lasted for a very difficult period of two months during which time Belgium launched many attempts to reoccupy and subvert the independence movement. Patrice Lumumba represented a formidable opponent against the colonization forces in Africa. By advocating sovereignty and de-colonization in Africa, he represented everything that the Western powers feared. He was a man capable of affecting change throughout not only the Congo, but across Africa by promoting a self-sustained economy that was entirely independent from the European nations. He opposed the forces of colonialism throughout Africa. The riches of the Congo and the presence of Lumumbas movement could not be allowed to co-exist in the view of the United States and European political and business interests. Lumumba eventually became the victim of a coup funded primarily by the United States and Belgium, under the protection of the United Nations.   Although the United States and Belgium were the primary opponents of Lumumba, they were acting on behalf of European countries throughout the world because Lumumba personified the anti-colonial movement that everyone feared. They feared Lumumba not simply because he was a man that represented the anti-colonial movement, but because he was an African man that had become too powerful and had the potential to gain the loyalty and attention of his people and focus their goals on true independence and real control of their own resources. â€Å"The Congo crisis is due to just one man, Patrice Lumumba† (Hochschild 49) He had the potential to change the entire social structure of Africa and possessed the ability to affect change throughout the world by promoting democracy and equality.   Probably if Lumumba had lived a little longer, he would have organized and united the nation to avoid the conflicts that have characterized the country ever since time memorial. Poor Centralized governance of mobutu (dictatorship and exploitation of resources) For the next thirty years following the death of Lumumba, the Congo was the victim of a centralized government with the majority of the power concentrated in one man, General Mobutu, who was an instrumental Congolese collaborator with the Western interests in promoting the coup leading to the assassination of Lumumba. Kaplan (1979) notes that Mobutu created a rigidly centralized administration reminiscent of Belgian rule, topped by a single authority figure that he claimed to be in the African political tradition.   Governing by decree, his words literally were law.   His power was absolute, anchored in a constitution of his own inspiration that made him head of the legislative, executive, and judiciary This was not the type of free democratic society that Lumumba had envisioned, but instead one that still allowed many European nations to exercise the authority and influence that Lumumba vehemently opposed. The United States gave him well over a billion dollars in civilian and military aid during the three decades of his rule; European powers- especially France-contributed more (Hochschild 303)/   Mobutu did little to improve the quality of life of his citizens, and instead exploited his own citizens for his material and economic gain. Even after independence, the Congo was still the economic colony of Europe that existed under the control of Belgium. The European and American corporations and investments were still intact with Mobutu in control.   The Congo was now operating as a puppet government in which the United States used Mobutu to affect both economic and political decisions in an effort to stabilize its investments and operations in the country.   It estimated that a t the end of his reign, he was of the worlds wealthiest men; â€Å"his personal peak was estimated at $4 billion.† (Hochschild 303)   And very little of his fortune went to the people of the Congo. One will therefore be short sighted not to blame Mobutu for the conflicted Congo. He did his best to disorganize and disintegrate the countrys internal economic and political structures and systems that laid ground for what was termed as the â€Å"Africas World War†. His puppetism to western countries only resurrected and reminded the Congolese of the harsh, brutal and inhuman rule of Leopold and the Belgians which escalated the anger among the citizens. Mobutu can further be solely held responsible for the greed and mismanagement of natural resources for selfish needs among the Congolese today, he set a bad example. Ethnic differences One of the most sensitive areas of social life in Africa is the problem of cultural pluralism, which usually rears its ugly face in inter-ethnic relations International conflicts and civil wars, these are not simply products of failed diplomacy or policies of aggression. Virtually they all have roots in endemic cultural features of nations (Aluko: 2003). Patterns of languages, religious beliefs and legal institutions form as much a part of the environment enveloping nations have been tales of woes, anguish, sorrows, deprivations, sadness in most of the member states. Many nations of the continent such as Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia, Angola, Liberia and Sierra Leone, and even many nations of the great lakes region of the central Africa have been in turmoil due to ethnic related reasons. Political instability, economic and social disequilibrium became rampant in countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and the two Congos. Most ethnic conflicts have a background of domination, injustice or oppression by one ethnic group or another. The tremendous psychological pressure on human populations from political change creates a sense of anxiety that frequently makes people seek refuge in belief systems that involve definitions of membership and belonging. In Sudan, Garang charged that civil war erupted largely because Hassan Turabi, the power behind Khartoums government, wanted to impose Sharia, or Islamic law throughout Sudan. The other factor relates to resources and economics. At the simplest level, the struggle to survive can spawn or deepen ethnic problem. The more limited the resources the greater the danger of ethnic problem. For a range of reasons not necessarily bad or intentionally divisive, ethnic groups are also often positioned differently in an economy. Again, change can accentuate differences, triggering hostility or drastic action. The legacy of Colonialism did not do any better. The problems of most colonial nations of Africa are direct products of their colonial experience. The problems had been created by colonialism in different ways, especially by the indiscriminate merger of various ethnic groups to become monolithic entities, and at the same time treated the units as separate entities and allowed each to develop in whatever direction it chose in isolation from others (Nnoli, 1980. Dare 1986 and Young, 1998). This was the trend in virtually all the Anglophone countries of the sub-Sahar an Africa and some Francophone countries too. Colonialism also created structural imbalances within the colonies in terms of socioeconomic projects, social development and establishment of administrative centres. This imbalance deepened antipathies between ethnic groups. In Nigeria, the South achieved a higher level of social development than the North. Similarly, the Baganda advanced farther than the other Uganda ethnic groups, the Chagga and Haya were ahead of the other Tanzanian groups, the Kikuyu, Ashanti and Bemba made more rapid â€Å"progress† than the other Kenyan, Ghanaian and Zambian ethnic groups respectively. In fact, inter-ethnic relations in Kenya have been characterized by the hostility of all the other groups to the Kikuyu. Today, many nations of the sub-Saharan Africa are in one turmoil, violence or civil disorder of one kind or the other largely originating from the ethnic problem. Such countries include Burundi, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, Chad and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Congolese people are made up of around 200 separate ethnic groups. These ethnic groups generally are concentrated regionally and speak distinct languages. There is no majority ethnic group some of the largest ethnic groups are the Luba, Kongo and Anamongo. The various ethnic groups speak many different languages but only four indigenous languages have official status Kiswahili, Lingala, Kikongo and Tshiluba. French is the language of government, commerce and education. Societal discrimination on the basis of ethnicity is widely practiced by members of virtually all ethnic groups and is evident in private hiring and buying patterns and in patterns of de facto ethnic segregation in some cities (GS: 2000-9). The ongoing conflict in the Eastern part of DR Congo has often been explained as be

Fleas Essays -- essays research papers

Fleas are very small insects. They are all flightless and do not have eyes, although two ocelli may be present. Their antennaes are short and their mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking. The female flea lays a few eggs daily that total up to 300 to 400 in its lifetime. The eggs are laid usually on animals and most drop off where they spend most of their time. Bedding, floor crevices, carpeting, along baseboards and areas near their favorite sleeping and napping sites are especially likely places where eggs will be found. These eggs hatch into larvae, which are baby fleas. The larvae spin a cocoon and, depending on environmental conditions, emerge as adults in as few as five days. The adult fleas then mate after a blood meal and then lay eggs. The life cycle is then repeated--until control measures break the cycle. The total life cycle can last from 25 days to several months. The bodies of both adults and young fleas have many backward pointing hairs and powerful leg muscle s. Fleas can jump 80 times their own height and 150 times their body length. Fleas have many mites and parasites and can have up to 150 living in them at one time. Adult fleas can cause medical problems including flea allergy dermatitis (FAD), tapeworms, secondary skin irritations and, in extreme cases, anemia. Some people may have a severe reaction, such as a general rash or inflammation, which can result in secondary infections caused by scratching the irritated skin area. Fleas may transmit bu...

Glue out of Cigarette Filter and Acetone Essay

This chapter includes the past related literature / studies and researches, articles and some information gathered to guide in this study or research. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE According to (Marvilde, 1981), Classroom absence is a major factor responsible for falling standard in school education system today. Future of the nation always takes place in schools. School is such an organization, which deals with the betterment of society. According to (Khatri, 2013), School absenteeism has a far-reaching impact on a child’s academic progress and future. Absenteeism creates a dead, tiresome and unpleasant classroom environment that makes students who come to class uncomfortable and the teacher irritable. According to (Segel, 2008), in quality terms, absenteeism is a waste of educational resources, time and human potential. Students who have absenteeism problem generally suffer academically and socially. According to Lotz & Lee (1997), indicated that sustained absences might affect retention as it may degenerate into truancy. The study also revealed that the act of delinquency is more frequent among students who exhibit low grade, have spotty attendance an d later on drop out of school. Many factors can contribute to student absenteeism. Family health or financial concerns, poor school climate, drug and alcohol use, transportation problems, and differing community attitudes towards education are among the conditions that are often associated with a child’s frequent absence from school. According to (Marburger, 2001), It disturbs the dynamic teaching learning environment and adversely affects the overall well being of classes. Absenteeism is the one angle of viewpoint is one of the common causes of degrading performance of the student. According to (Australia, 2004), identified four major dimensions of absenteeism truancy, school refusal, school withdrawal and early leaving. It is important to identify the different dimensions of absenteeism in tackling the problem because they require different interventions. Truancy as the persistent, habitual and unexplained absence from school of a child of compulsory school age, although it can occur with parental knowledge and sometimes consent. According to Bond (2004), included fractional truancy, this occurs when student arrive late or leave early or spend entire days away from school. School refusal differs from truancy in that children refuse to attend schools even in the face persuasion and punitive measures from parents and school. These students stay at home with the knowledge of their parents and school administrators. According to (Mc Shane, Walter & Ray, 2001), School withdrawal means children are absent from school because their parents keep them away from school on a frequent basis. Their parents do not enroll them at school. Early leaving refers to children fewer than 15 who drop out of school before completing their schooling. According to (Williams, 2001), Attendance is an important factor in school success among children and youth. Studies show that better attendance is related to higher academic achievement for students of all backgrounds, but particularly for children with lower socio-economic status. Acco rding to (Epstein & Sheldon, 2002; Ready, 2010), Beginning in kindergarten, students who attend school regularly score higher on tests than their peers who are frequently absent. Chronic truancy (frequent unexcused absence) is a strong predictor of undesirable outcomes in adolescence, including academic failure, dropping out of school, substance abuse, gang involvement, and criminal activity. According to Savers, D. Et al (2005), when the student misses a day of school. Students have lost the chance to hear other’s interpreted and analyze the lessons or joins the introductions within the class. According to Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011), â€Å"lateness† can be defined as the â€Å"situation where an individual arrives after the proper, scheduled or usual time. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or causes. Going late to bed and waking up late next morning is the most common. The authors’ added film watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may forget that he/she needs to be in school the next day. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness also consider the distance between the student’s home and school or solely the school’s location. Not just because it takes more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is susceptible to more distractions and hindrances along the way. Parent’s untimely tasks and commands are also reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can also be  learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack of a firm and consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students to come late at school since there are no consequences attached to lateness or tardiness. These causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects. Nakpodia and Dafiaghor emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not just the problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student coming late in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the flow of the teacher’s discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the late students ask for what to catch up with. The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible effects of lateness or tardiness, it is necessary for solutions to be executed. Studies have revealed that those students with â€Å"perfect or near-perfect attendance† have good grades compared to those students who miss classes often and latecomers. Nakpodi a and Dafiaghor stated that school administrators must lead by example. They should be punctual in their own meetings and classes to avoid students to think that being late is just all right since even the authoritative persons are doing it. They should as well teach it and integrate it in every lesson. The effort on the remedy on lateness or tardiness does not start and end with the school. It must begin with the parents of the students and the government must take part as well. Transportation must be improved in order to avoid students getting stuck in traffic or encountering other obstacles down the streets. According to Lauby (2009), puts it as a term used to describe â€Å"people not showing up on time†. According to Breeze et al. (2010), contributed by saying that, lateness is synonymous with â€Å"tardiness†, which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or usual timing. According to Weade (2004), defined tardiness as â€Å"being late for any measurable length of time past the stated or scheduled start time for work or school.† In most schools, a student is considered tardy when he/she is not present when the school bells rings or when the first teacher starts to give instructional materials for the first subject in t he morning class. A study conducted by Barbara Lee Weade on 2004 tried to â€Å"determine if school tardiness is a predictor of work tardiness†. It provided a lot of literature that observes correlations and factors affecting a student’s tardiness. As cited by  Weade, the 3rd most common cause for the failure of a student is â€Å"excessive tardiness and unexcused absences†. Weade gathered data from the schools of participating students. First and foremost, she asked consent from the students and their parents in order to gain permission to collect their school records. She collected and studied the attendance and punctuality records of these students based on the number of unexcused absences and minutes of tardiness. Her study showed that among high school students, the grade point average is correlated with absences and tardiness. This means that students with better attendance and punctuality have higher grade point averages and vis-à  -vis. Her study was also able to show that attendance and punctuality of students are not consistent throughout the year. There were more absences and tardiness at the latter part of the year. Gender has also shown to be a non-factor in the attendance and punctuality of high school s tudents. The study was very comprehensive in its subject matter. It tackles not just school tardiness but also its implications on work tardiness. It shows that â€Å"students who are on-time for school classes are also likely to be on-time at work while students who are tardy frequently at school will probably also be tardy at work†. The study requires a lot of data but Weade was able to gather a sufficient amount. Though some possible correlations were not established, it is outside the scope of this research. According to (Sprick and Daniels, 2007), It creates problems, not just to the students but also to the teachers. It stated that the range of the teachers’ response was â€Å"from ignoring them to sending them to office†. This variation could lead the students to confusion as to how important it is to be on time in going to class. Another reason is the lack of motivation. Students who come to school on time are not given incentives or rewards. Also, responses to tardiness are lenient, that is nothing is done until the tenth strike or more. Another reason is â€Å"giving the student the impression that they won’t be missing anything if they are late† since in some classes, no important activities or instructions and no lessons are being done for first few minutes. Lastly, crowded hallways could create traffic, thus blocking the way of other students and making it hard for them to pass through. According to (Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community, 2007), Cowan Crier, the official School Publication of CAESC, also states that while having â€Å"occasional tardy† isn’t a big deal, unfailing tardiness  is and it gives students problems including being ill prepared for the job market. According to the results of the study of the U.S. Department of Education on â€Å"truancy†, which is related to tardiness, being present and on time in going to school are big factors on the â€Å"success and behavior† of the students. CAESC has their policy worked this way. Other schools initiated interdisciplinary curriculum that integrates discipline and conduct in academics. According to CAESC (2007) and Zeiger (2010), the most essential learning time of the day for the students lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00 to 9:30 AM. It is because the students are most mindful and observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most important lessons and subject matters are discussed during this time. So when students are late or are not present during this time of the day, they, in effect, miss out most of the important lessons to be noted and learned. Thus, it is a lot important to value time and practice being on time while being a student. According to Zeiger (2010), the results from the survey report conducted by teachers show that students with high tardiness rates have â€Å"higher rates of suspension and other disciplinary measures†. Zeiger stated â€Å"Students who are frequently tardy to school are also more apt to be fired from a job for showing up late†. According to Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some â€Å"personality traits, including low self-esteem and anxiety† as triggering factors of tardiness. She also mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an â€Å"inborn quality† since our being early or late is â€Å"partially biologically determined†, which she also agreed, other experts also believed that some people are â€Å"chronically tardy† for the reason that they consciously and unconsciously get good things from it. In the book cited by Santillano, â€Å"Never be late again: 7 cures for the punctually challenged†, the author Diana DeLonzor suggested that some personality traits could most likely lead to a person being often late. Some of the traits included were â€Å"struggling with self control†, â€Å"feeling nervous or uncomfortable with social situations† and â€Å"getting distracted easily†. Santillano also discuss ed about the study conducted by DeLonzor at San  Francisco State University in 1997 in which she surveyed 225 respondents about their habits that makes them late from their appointments. It was also a test on the personalities of the respondents that affect their habits. According to the results of DeLonzor’s study, those respondents that were often tardy apt to be anxious and gets distracted easily. According to Oghuvbu (2008), female students are more likely to be late than male students because of â€Å"their involvement in domestic activities by their parents†. Also, as cited by Oghuvbu, â€Å"distance to school, school discipline, family background and school location†. Another study was the one conducted by Enamiroro Oghuvbu in Nigeria. The objective of the study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to the growing problem. The study revealed that the causes of lateness among the secondary students in Nigeria were â€Å"going late to bed because of watching films and home movies, resulting into wake up late in the morning, distance to school and keeping friends who are not students†. These results went consistent with the results of Oghuvbu’s reference studies which proves that tardiness among students have been a growing problem and that it is caused, not jus t because of the students but also because of the lack of imposing discipline from the parents. According to (Emore, 2005), are some of the common causes for the tardiness of the secondary students? According to Pimentel and Quijada (2011), focused on the frequency of use by the UP Cebu freshmen students of Facebook and a part of the study tackled about the effect of the famous social networking site to UP Cebu students’ punctuality and academic performance. For their study, Pimentel and Quijada collected 60 respondents and provided them with questionnaires. The questionnaires contained questions that ask the respondents about their use of Facebook and its effects. A certain question asked the respondents if late-night use of Facebook has an effect on their punctuality. According to the results of the study, three out of 60 respondents are always late, eight said they are sometimes late, 12 said they are seldom late and 37 said that they never get late due to late-night use of Facebook. Generally, the results showed that the respondents are seldom late in class because o f late-night use of the social networking site. Ledoux, as cited by Pimentel and Quijada, said that lack of sleep causes neural malfunctions and further affects a person’s  behavior. In the study’s case, it is a student’s punctuality that is affected. According to (Britt, 1988), situations such as â€Å"crowded halls, limited opportunities for social interaction, irrelevant course content, and teacher indifference†. According to (Damico et al., 1990) are also factors that affect a student’s attendance and punctuality. As mentioned by Weade, personal values, financial security and lack of parental guidance. Some schools have already started finding solutions that would effectively minimize and/or eliminate tardiness among students. One of the solutions made by some schools is implementing tardiness policies, wherein they take steps in approaching the students and parents for them to solve the problem. According to Cordogan (as cited by Weade, 2004), said that a school in Chicago, Illinois adapted a similar curriculum and yielded positive results. Students under the interdisciplinary program exhibited more positive behaviors from students not from the curriculum. Interdisciplinary students showed less absences and tardiness, as well as higher grades. Other schools made smaller academic changes such as developing personality works and cooperative learning activities, such as creation of portfolios and tutorial to younger students. These taught the students better goal setting, decision-making skills and time management. In return, students under these behavior modification programs yielded less tardiness and higher grades.